Application engineering

Tungsten Carbide Machining Cases

24 documented machining cases — 12 milling (M-01 to M-12) and 12 drilling (D-01 to D-12) — covering 3C electronics, precision molds, automotive parts, general machinery and aerospace. Each case follows the same six-part format: workpiece and conditions, tool configuration, cutting parameters, challenges and approaches, and measured results.

How to read these cases

Every case page answers five questions in order: what is the job, which tool was used, how it was run, why it was run that way, and what came out. The spindle speed is the anchor parameter of each case.

Parameter disclaimer: all cutting parameters are typical industry reference values recorded in the supplier's machining case deck. They must be validated on your own machine, fixture and workpiece before production use.

Milling cases M-01 – M-12

CaseIndustryWorkpiece and operationTool
M-013C Electronics6061 aluminum phone middle frame — high-speed side-wall milling8 mm 3-flute aluminum flat end mill
M-023C Electronics316L stainless steel phone midplate — cavity rough milling4 mm 4-flute AlCrN flat end mill
M-033C ElectronicsTC4 titanium watch case — 3D contour finish milling6 mm 2-flute AlTiN ball nose end mill
M-043C ElectronicsADC12 die-cast hole edges — chamfering and deburring3 mm 4-flute R0.2 radius end mill
M-05Precision MoldSKD61 hardened die core HRC52 — hard milling corner cleanup8 mm 2-flute TiAlN ball nose end mill
M-06Precision MoldNAK80 mold core HRC40 — mirror-finish contour milling6 mm 2-flute finishing ball nose end mill
M-07Precision MoldGraphite electrode contours — high-speed milling4 mm 2-flute CVD diamond coated end mill
M-08Precision Mold718H deep-cavity mold — deep side-wall finish milling6 mm 4-flute long-neck reinforced end mill
M-09Automotive PartsHT250 gray cast iron engine block — top and joint face milling16 mm 4-flute R2 radius end mill
M-10Automotive PartsADC12 transmission housing — high-removal cavity milling12 mm 3-flute large-gullet end mill
M-11General Machinery40Cr tempered shaft — precision keyway milling12 mm 4-flute AlTiN flat end mill
M-12AerospaceInconel 718 engine casing — side-wall contour milling10 mm 5-flute TiSiN variable-helix end mill

Drilling cases D-01 – D-12

CaseIndustryWorkpiece and operationTool
D-013C Electronics6061 phone middle frame — M2 thread pilot-hole drilling1.65 mm 3-flute internal-coolant micro drill
D-023C Electronics316L stainless midplate — φ2.2 through-hole drilling2.2 mm 4-flute AlCrN internal-coolant drill
D-033C ElectronicsFR-4 glass-fiber board — φ0.8 micro-hole drilling0.8 mm tungsten carbide mirror-finish micro drill
D-04Precision MoldSKD61 HRC50 mold cooling channel — φ6 deep hole, 12×D6 mm internal-coolant deep-hole drill, 12×D
D-05Precision MoldMold base ejector-pin holes — φ8 precision drilling8 mm TiAlN solid carbide drill
D-06Precision MoldGraphite electrode thread pilot holes — φ3 drilling3 mm CVD diamond coated drill
D-07Automotive PartsHT250 engine block crankshaft bore — φ12 drilling12 mm TiAlN carbide drill
D-08Automotive PartsAluminum cylinder-head spark-plug hole — φ14 step drilling14 mm 3-flute internal-coolant step drill
D-09Automotive Parts40Cr tempered transmission shaft — φ10 deep-hole drilling10 mm internal-coolant TiAlN carbide drill
D-10General MachineryTC4 titanium structural part — φ6 deep-hole drilling, 6×D6 mm internal-coolant deep-hole drill, 6×D
D-11AerospaceInconel 718 turbine disk — φ5 deep-hole drilling, 10×D5 mm internal-coolant deep-hole drill, 10×D
D-12General Machinery304 stainless plate — φ3 multi-hole drilling3 mm internal-coolant 140° carbide drill

Milling cases

M-01
3C Electronics · High-speed milling

6061 aluminum phone middle frame — high-speed side-wall milling

8 mm 3-flute aluminum flat end mill

Tool model / size as recorded in the case deck: ALE345-080200-060-S08

Workpiece and conditions

WorkpiecePhone middle frame (0.8 mm wall)
Material6061-T6 aluminum alloy
HardnessHB 95
MachineHigh-speed vertical machining center, BT30
CoolantMQL minimum quantity lubrication
RequirementSide wall Ra ≤ 0.8 µm, flatness 0.02 mm, cycle time ≤ 30 s, no scratches on cosmetic surfaces.

Tool configuration

  • 3-flute flat end mill for aluminum
  • 8 mm; 3 flutes, 35° helix
  • Uncoated, mirror-polished
  • HSK-A63 holder, 60 mm overhang
  • Climb milling, layered symmetric passes

Cutting parameters

Spindle speed n24000 r/min
Feed rate vf4800 mm/min
Feed per tooth fz0.067 mm/z
Depth of cut ap6.0 mm
Width of cut ae0.5 mm
Cutting speed vc603 m/min
CoolantMQL directed spray

Challenges and approaches

Challenge: Aluminum chip welding and built-up edge scratching the side walls

Approach: Mirror-polished chip flutes with MQL directed spray — chips curl off immediately without sticking or marking.

Challenge: 0.8 mm thin wall deflects under cutting force

Approach: Progressive layers of ap 1.5 mm with symmetric 0.5-width removal to release clamping and cutting stress.

Results

42 → 28 s
Cycle time
Ra 0.4 µm
Side-wall roughness
9000 m
Tool life
M-02
3C Electronics · Cavity roughing

316L stainless steel phone midplate — cavity rough milling

4 mm 4-flute AlCrN flat end mill

Tool model / size as recorded in the case deck: HSE435-040110-050-S04

Workpiece and conditions

WorkpiecePhone midplate structural part
Material316L stainless steel
HardnessHB 180
MachineVertical machining center, BT40
Coolant8 bar external emulsion
RequirementCavity dimensional tolerance ±0.02 mm; two-pass roughing directly to size; no work-hardened bright bands on the surface.

Tool configuration

  • 4-flute flat end mill
  • HSE435-040110-050-S04
  • 4 flutes, 35° helix
  • AlCrN coating
  • BT40, 45 mm overhang
  • Climb milling, constant width of cut

Cutting parameters

Spindle speed n8000 r/min
Feed rate vf1600 mm/min
Feed per tooth fz0.050 mm/z
Depth of cut ap1.5 mm
Width of cut ae1.6 mm
Cutting speed vc100 m/min
CoolantExternal, 8 bar

Challenges and approaches

Challenge: Severe work hardening; a second pass chips the edge

Approach: Climb milling throughout with constant small depth; lift the tool clear of the workpiece before re-entry — never dwell in the hardened layer.

Challenge: Small diameter with long overhang causes deflection marks

Approach: Shorten overhang to flute length +8 mm; leave 0.05 mm finishing stock to correct deflection.

Results

32 → 55 min
Tool life
CPK 1.8
Cavity capability
+37 %
Machining efficiency
M-03
3C Electronics · Contour finishing

TC4 titanium watch case — 3D contour finish milling

6 mm 2-flute AlTiN ball nose end mill

Tool model / size as recorded in the case deck: HSB230-060120-050-S06

Workpiece and conditions

WorkpieceSmart watch case
MaterialTC4 titanium alloy
HardnessHRC 32
Machine5-axis machining center
Coolant20 bar high-pressure internal coolant
RequirementContour Ra ≤ 0.4 µm, no scallop witness marks, less manual polishing afterwards.

Tool configuration

  • 2-flute ball nose end mill
  • HSB230-060120-050-S06
  • 2 flutes, 30° helix
  • AlTiN + TiSiN composite coating
  • HSK-A63, 55 mm overhang
  • Constant-scallop-height raster

Cutting parameters

Spindle speed n3000 r/min
Feed rate vf720 mm/min
Feed per tooth fz0.060 mm/z
Depth of cut ap0.30 mm
Step-over ae0.30 mm
Cutting speed vc56 m/min
CoolantInternal, 20 bar

Challenges and approaches

Challenge: Titanium conducts heat poorly; temperature concentrates at the tool tip

Approach: AlTiN composite coating insulates heat; high-pressure internal coolant blows directly at the cutting zone so heat leaves with the chips.

Challenge: Uneven scallop height on contours causes visible ripples

Approach: Constant-scallop-height programming with a fixed 0.3 mm step-over; blend along the curvature direction at restarts.

Results

Ra 0.32 µm
Contour roughness
-50 %
Manual polishing time
45 min
Edge life
M-04
3C Electronics · Chamfering / deburring

ADC12 die-cast hole edges — chamfering and deburring

3 mm 4-flute R0.2 radius end mill

Tool model / size as recorded in the case deck: COE435-030090R0.2-050-S04

Workpiece and conditions

WorkpieceDie-cast structural part hole edges
MaterialADC12 aluminum alloy
HardnessHB 100
MachineHorizontal machining center
CoolantMQL
RequirementHole-edge burr height ≤ 0.02 mm; consistent 0.3 × 45° chamfer; no secondary burrs.

Tool configuration

  • 4-flute radius end mill
  • COE435-030090R0.2-050-S04
  • 4 flutes, 35° helix
  • DLC diamond-like coating
  • HSK-A63, 40 mm overhang
  • Single continuous chamfer pass

Cutting parameters

Spindle speed n20000 r/min
Feed rate vf3000 mm/min
Feed per tooth fz0.050 mm/z
Depth of cut ap0.5 mm
Width of cut ae0.6 mm
Cutting speed vc188 m/min
CoolantMQL

Challenges and approaches

Challenge: Die-cast skin and sand inclusions accelerate edge chipping

Approach: DLC coating lowers friction; a 5 µm negative edge hone raises edge strength against impact.

Challenge: Inconsistent burr size around hole edges

Approach: The R0.2 radius edge forms the chamfer in one pass; feed stays constant regardless of hole position.

Results

≤ 0.02 mm
Burr height
-60 %
Tool-change frequency
18 → 11 s
Cycle time
M-05
Precision Mold · Hard milling

SKD61 hardened die core HRC52 — hard milling corner cleanup

8 mm 2-flute TiAlN ball nose end mill

Tool model / size as recorded in the case deck: HPB230-080160-060-S08

Workpiece and conditions

WorkpieceDie-casting mold core
MaterialSKD61, hardened
HardnessHRC 52
MachineGantry machining center, BT50
CoolantDry cutting + compressed air
RequirementMill directly to service accuracy, Ra ≤ 0.3 µm, replacing most EDM corner-cleanup hours.

Tool configuration

  • 2-flute ball nose end mill
  • HPB230-080160-060-S08
  • 2 flutes, 30° helix
  • Micro-grain TiAlN coating
  • BT50, 70 mm overhang
  • Trochoidal + contour-parallel toolpath

Cutting parameters

Spindle speed n4800 r/min
Feed rate vf1500 mm/min
Feed per tooth fz0.078 mm/z
Depth of cut ap0.30 mm
Width of cut ae0.20 mm
Cutting speed vc120 m/min
CoolantDry, air chip evacuation

Challenges and approaches

Challenge: Heat load concentrates at the tool tip in hard milling

Approach: Micro-grain TiAlN resists heat softening; dry cutting avoids thermal shock cracking of the coating.

Challenge: Visible blend marks in corner cleanup areas

Approach: Contour-parallel plus trochoidal paths keep the remaining stock constant; blend points are placed off the finished surface.

Results

Ra 0.25 µm
Surface roughness
-70 %
EDM hours
120 min
Tool life
M-06
Precision Mold · Mirror finishing

NAK80 mold core HRC40 — mirror-finish contour milling

6 mm 2-flute finishing ball nose end mill

Tool model / size as recorded in the case deck: COB230-080160-060-S08

Workpiece and conditions

WorkpieceInjection mold mirror core
MaterialNAK80, pre-hardened
HardnessHRC 40
MachineHigh-precision machining center
CoolantOil-mist MQL
RequirementContour Ra ≤ 0.2 µm, polish-free inspection, surface profile ±0.005 mm.

Tool configuration

  • 2-flute ball nose end mill
  • COB230-080160-060-S08
  • 2 flutes, 30° helix
  • DLC finishing coating
  • Shrink-fit holder, runout ≤ 3 µm
  • 0.10 mm constant-scallop raster

Cutting parameters

Spindle speed n9000 r/min
Feed rate vf1800 mm/min
Feed per tooth fz0.100 mm/z
Depth of cut ap0.15 mm
Step-over ae0.10 mm
Cutting speed vc170 m/min
CoolantOil mist, MQL

Challenges and approaches

Challenge: Spindle runout prints chatter marks on mirror surfaces

Approach: Shrink-fit holder with runout ≤ 3 µm; spindle speed kept away from the resonance band.

Challenge: Pre-hardened steel smears the finished surface

Approach: Mirror-polished cutting edges plus oil-mist lubrication keep chips from welding to the rake face.

Results

Ra 0.18 µm
Surface roughness
±0.005 mm
Surface profile
-3 days
Mold delivery lead time
M-07
Precision Mold · Graphite high-speed milling

Graphite electrode contours — high-speed milling

4 mm 2-flute CVD diamond coated end mill

Tool model / size as recorded in the case deck: φ4 × 12 × 50

Workpiece and conditions

WorkpieceEDM graphite electrode
MaterialIsostatic graphite
HardnessHS 60
MachineHigh-speed engraving and milling machine
CoolantDry cutting + in-machine dust extraction
RequirementEdges complete without chipping; electrode wear ratio ≤ 0.1 %; full dust collection.

Tool configuration

  • 2-flute flat end mill
  • φ4 × 12 × 50
  • 2 flutes, 35° helix
  • CVD diamond coating
  • BT30, 50 mm overhang
  • Climb milling, high-speed light cuts

Cutting parameters

Spindle speed n20000 r/min
Feed rate vf3000 mm/min
Feed per tooth fz0.075 mm/z
Depth of cut ap2.0 mm
Width of cut ae0.5 mm
Cutting speed vc251 m/min
CoolantDry, negative-pressure dust extraction

Challenges and approaches

Challenge: Graphite is extremely abrasive; ordinary coatings fail as soon as they wear through

Approach: CVD diamond coating approaches the hardness of the graphite abrasive itself, multiplying tool life.

Challenge: Graphite dust contaminates the machine and the coating

Approach: Dry cutting with negative-pressure extraction; the diamond surface does not hold dust or clog flutes.

Results

5×
Tool life vs previous coating
0 chipping
Electrode edge condition
-40 %
Machining time per tool
M-08
Precision Mold · Deep cavity side-wall finishing

718H deep-cavity mold — deep side-wall finish milling

6 mm 4-flute long-neck reinforced end mill

Tool model / size as recorded in the case deck: HPEL435-060180-100-S06

Workpiece and conditions

WorkpieceInjection mold deep cavity
Material718H, pre-hardened
HardnessHRC 32
MachineVertical machining center, BT40
CoolantInternal coolant 10 bar
RequirementFull-height 36 mm side walls at Ra ≤ 0.8 µm; taper ≤ 0.01 mm / 20 mm.

Tool configuration

  • 4-flute long-neck reinforced end mill
  • HPEL435-060180-100-S06
  • 4 flutes, 35° helix
  • AlTiN coating
  • BT40, reinforced neck
  • Layered ap 2.0 mm × 3 passes

Cutting parameters

Spindle speed n7200 r/min
Feed rate vf1200 mm/min
Feed per tooth fz0.042 mm/z
Depth of cut ap6.0 mm
Width of cut ae1.8 mm
Cutting speed vc136 m/min
CoolantInternal, 10 bar

Challenges and approaches

Challenge: Long overhang deflects and the side wall tapers

Approach: The reinforced neck raises rigidity; three layered passes at ap 2 mm correct the taper.

Challenge: Poor chip evacuation packs the flutes in deep cavities

Approach: A 38° high helix speeds chip flow; internal coolant pushes chips out of the cavity.

Results

≤ 0.01 mm
Taper over 20 mm
Full depth in 1 clamping
Setup
90 m
Tool life
M-09
Automotive Parts · Face rough milling

HT250 gray cast iron engine block — top and joint face milling

16 mm 4-flute R2 radius end mill

Tool model / size as recorded in the case deck: φ16 × R2 × 20

Workpiece and conditions

WorkpieceEngine block top face
MaterialHT250 gray cast iron
HardnessHB 200
MachineHorizontal machining center
CoolantDry cutting
RequirementFlatness 0.03 / 300 mm, chatter-free surface, suitable for multi-shift production.

Tool configuration

  • 4-flute radius end mill
  • φ16 × R2 × 20
  • 4 flutes, 25° unequal pitch
  • Thick-film TiAlN coating
  • BT50, 55 mm overhang
  • Climb milling, constant depth

Cutting parameters

Spindle speed n2800 r/min
Feed rate vf900 mm/min
Feed per tooth fz0.080 mm/z
Depth of cut ap1.0 mm
Width of cut ae8.0 mm
Cutting speed vc141 m/min
CoolantDry, with dust extraction

Challenges and approaches

Challenge: Cast skin and sand inclusions chip the edges

Approach: Unequal flute spacing suppresses resonance; thick-film TiAlN improves impact and wear resistance.

Challenge: Large width of cut causes deflection from cutting force

Approach: A rigid 4-flute section with constant ap 1.0 mm avoids force fluctuation.

Results

0.03 mm
Flatness / 300 mm
+35 %
Tool life
-28 %
Tool-change downtime
M-10
Automotive Parts · High-removal pocketing

ADC12 transmission housing — high-removal cavity milling

12 mm 3-flute large-gullet end mill

Tool model / size as recorded in the case deck: ALE345-120300-075-S12

Workpiece and conditions

WorkpieceTransmission housing
MaterialADC12 die-cast aluminum
HardnessHB 95
MachineHorizontal machining center
CoolantHigh-pressure internal coolant 15 bar
RequirementMaximum cavity opening efficiency; burr-free hole edges on joint faces; matches automatic-line takt.

Tool configuration

  • 3-flute aluminum end mill
  • ALE345-120300-075-S12
  • 3 flutes, 45° helix
  • Uncoated, polished
  • HSK-A63, 90 mm overhang
  • Conventional roughing, climb finishing

Cutting parameters

Spindle speed n16000 r/min
Feed rate vf3600 mm/min
Feed per tooth fz0.075 mm/z
Depth of cut ap4.0 mm
Width of cut ae3.0 mm
Cutting speed vc603 m/min
CoolantInternal, 15 bar

Challenges and approaches

Challenge: Heavy chip volume from large stock removal packs and wraps the tool

Approach: 40° high helix with large chip gullets; high-pressure internal coolant breaks and blows out long chips.

Challenge: Burr at joint-face hole edges harms sealing

Approach: Finish pass at ap 0.2 mm in climb milling wipes the hole edges clean in the same cycle.

Results

-25 %
Machining time per part
0 burr
Joint-face hole edges
8 h
Tool life
M-11
General Machinery · Keyway milling

40Cr tempered shaft — precision keyway milling

12 mm 4-flute AlTiN flat end mill

Tool model / size as recorded in the case deck: HPE435-120300-075-S12

Workpiece and conditions

WorkpieceTransmission shaft keyway
Material40Cr, quenched and tempered
HardnessHB 280
MachineVertical machining center, BT40
CoolantExternal emulsion
RequirementKeyway width 12H8, symmetry ≤ 0.02 mm, no deflection steps on slot sides.

Tool configuration

  • 4-flute flat end mill
  • HPE435-120300-075-S12
  • 4 flutes, 35° unequal pitch
  • AlTiN coating
  • BT40, 60 mm overhang
  • Trochoidal roughing + finishing

Cutting parameters

Spindle speed n3200 r/min
Feed rate vf900 mm/min
Feed per tooth fz0.070 mm/z
Depth of cut ap2.0 mm
Width of cut ae1.0 mm
Cutting speed vc121 m/min
CoolantExternal, flood

Challenges and approaches

Challenge: Keyway symmetry out of tolerance

Approach: Trochoidal roughing removes stock; a 0.1 mm single-side finish pass sets the size with balanced cutting forces.

Challenge: Deflection at the slot bottom leaves a slope

Approach: Short overhang clamping plus layered ap; a final single pass cleans the slot bottom.

Results

≤ 0.02 mm
Symmetry
65 parts
Tool life
+20 %
Machining efficiency
M-12
Aerospace · Difficult-material contour milling

Inconel 718 engine casing — side-wall contour milling

10 mm 5-flute TiSiN variable-helix end mill

Tool model / size as recorded in the case deck: φ10 × 22 × 70

Workpiece and conditions

WorkpieceEngine casing mounting flange
MaterialInconel 718, solution treated
HardnessHRC 44
Machine5-axis machining center
CoolantHigh-pressure internal coolant 70 bar
RequirementProfile ±0.05 mm, no white-layer surface damage, accountable tooling cost.

Tool configuration

  • 5-flute unequal-pitch flat end mill
  • φ10 × 22 × 70
  • 5 flutes, 38° variable helix
  • TiAlN + TiSiN coating
  • HSK-A63, 65 mm overhang
  • Constant-width climb milling

Cutting parameters

Spindle speed n1200 r/min
Feed rate vf250 mm/min
Feed per tooth fz0.042 mm/z
Depth of cut ap3.0 mm
Width of cut ae0.6 mm
Cutting speed vc38 m/min
CoolantInternal, 70 bar

Challenges and approaches

Challenge: Nickel-alloy work-hardened layer bites back on the next pass

Approach: Constant-width climb milling without dwelling; feed never pauses on the surface, staying out of the hardened layer.

Challenge: Flank notch wear grows fast

Approach: 70 bar high-pressure internal coolant hits the cutting zone directly; the unequal-pitch variable helix suppresses thin-wall resonance.

Results

28 min (peer tools 15)
Tool life
No white layer
Surface integrity
-18 %
Time per part

Drilling cases

D-01
3C Electronics · Thread tap drill hole

6061 phone middle frame — M2 thread pilot-hole drilling

1.65 mm 3-flute internal-coolant micro drill

Tool model / size as recorded in the case deck: φ1.65 × 6D

Workpiece and conditions

WorkpiecePhone middle frame pilot holes
Material6061-T6 aluminum alloy
HardnessHB 95
MachineHigh-speed drilling and milling center
CoolantMQL
RequirementPilot hole φ1.65 +0.05, position ±0.02 mm, drill breakage rate ≤ 0.3 %.

Tool configuration

  • 3-flute internal-coolant micro drill
  • φ1.65 × 6D
  • 140° point, 35° helix
  • Uncoated, polished
  • BT30, 35 mm overhang
  • One-shot drilling, no pecking

Cutting parameters

Spindle speed n24000 r/min
Feed rate vf960 mm/min
Feed per rev f0.040 mm/r
Hole depth6 mm
Depth ratio3.6 ×D
Cutting speed vc124 m/min
CoolantMQL

Challenges and approaches

Challenge: Small-diameter drills are weak and snap easily

Approach: The 3-flute internal-coolant design raises section rigidity; the 35° helix markedly lowers axial force.

Challenge: Aluminum chips pack and stick at the hole entrance

Approach: Polished chip flutes plus targeted MQL; chips leave with the spindle retraction.

Results

3000 holes
Tool life
±0.02 mm
Position accuracy
< 0.3 %
Breakage rate
D-02
3C Electronics · Through-hole drilling

316L stainless midplate — φ2.2 through-hole drilling

2.2 mm 4-flute AlCrN internal-coolant drill

Tool model / size as recorded in the case deck: φ2.2 × 5D

Workpiece and conditions

WorkpiecePhone midplate through holes
Material316L stainless steel
HardnessHB 180
MachineDrilling and milling center
CoolantInternal coolant 8 bar
RequirementThrough hole φ2.2 H9, exit burr ≤ 0.05 mm, compatible with automated loading takt.

Tool configuration

  • 4-flute solid carbide drill
  • φ2.2 × 5D
  • 140° point, 30° helix
  • AlCrN coating
  • BT40, 30 mm overhang
  • Continuous feed without pauses

Cutting parameters

Spindle speed n8000 r/min
Feed rate vf400 mm/min
Feed per rev f0.050 mm/r
Hole depth8 mm
Depth ratio3.6 ×D
Cutting speed vc55 m/min
CoolantInternal, 8 bar

Challenges and approaches

Challenge: Austenitic stainless work-hardens; any pause sticks the drill

Approach: A continuous, pause-free feed profile; drill straight through without idling in the hardened zone.

Challenge: Large exit burrs affect assembly

Approach: 140° point angle with thinned web moves cutting force forward and reduces exit rollover.

Results

1200 holes
Tool life
≤ 0.05 mm
Exit burr
+30 %
Machining efficiency
D-03
3C Electronics · PCB micro-hole drilling

FR-4 glass-fiber board — φ0.8 micro-hole drilling

0.8 mm tungsten carbide mirror-finish micro drill

Tool model / size as recorded in the case deck: CPD0800

Workpiece and conditions

WorkpiecePCB via holes
MaterialFR-4 glass-fiber board
HardnessStacked 2 panels
MachineCNC PCB drilling machine
CoolantDry + dust extraction
RequirementNo resin smear on hole walls; position ±0.015 mm; drill breakage ≤ 0.5 %.

Tool configuration

  • Tungsten carbide micro drill
  • CPD0800
  • 120° point, 30° helix
  • Uncoated, mirror margins
  • Dedicated collet, runout ≤ 5 µm
  • Low-feed peck drilling

Cutting parameters

Spindle speed n45000 r/min
Feed rate vf900 mm/min
Feed per rev f0.020 mm/r
Panel thickness2.0 mm
Stack2 panels
Cutting speed vc113 m/min
CoolantDry, negative-pressure extraction

Challenges and approaches

Challenge: Glass fiber is extremely abrasive and wears the margins fast

Approach: Ultra-fine-grain carbide with mirror margins lowers friction and slows abrasive wear.

Challenge: Resin melts and smears the hole walls

Approach: Low-feed pecking controls drilling temperature; extraction removes dust immediately.

Results

2500 holes
Tool life
±0.015 mm
Position accuracy
< 0.5 %
Breakage rate
D-04
Precision Mold · Deep cooling-channel drilling

SKD61 HRC50 mold cooling channel — φ6 deep hole, 12×D

6 mm internal-coolant deep-hole drill, 12×D

Tool model / size as recorded in the case deck: φ6 × 12D

Workpiece and conditions

WorkpieceDie-casting mold cooling channels
MaterialSKD61, hardened
HardnessHRC 50
MachineDedicated deep-hole drilling machine
CoolantHigh-pressure internal coolant 20 bar
RequirementDrill 72 mm deep in one pass; straightness 0.05 / 72 mm; no mid-way pecking.

Tool configuration

  • Internal-coolant deep-hole drill
  • φ6 × 12D
  • 140° point, 30° helix
  • TiAlN coating
  • Deep-hole machine with guide bush
  • One-shot 12×D

Cutting parameters

Spindle speed n2800 r/min
Feed rate vf140 mm/min
Feed per rev f0.050 mm/r
Hole depth72 mm
Depth ratio12 ×D
Cutting speed vc53 m/min
CoolantInternal, 20 bar

Challenges and approaches

Challenge: Chip evacuation is the lifeline of a 12×D hole

Approach: High-pressure internal coolant plus polished flutes carry chips out continuously without packing.

Challenge: Long overhang in HRC50 material deflects

Approach: A reinforced shank raises rigidity; drilling in one pass avoids repeated retraction that scores the wall.

Results

100 %
First-pass breakthrough rate
0.05 mm
Straightness / 72 mm
15 holes
Tool life
D-05
Precision Mold · Ejector-pin hole drilling

Mold base ejector-pin holes — φ8 precision drilling

8 mm TiAlN solid carbide drill

Tool model / size as recorded in the case deck: HKD8080

Workpiece and conditions

WorkpieceMold base ejector-pin holes
MaterialP20, pre-hardened
HardnessHRC 30
MachineVertical machining center
CoolantInternal coolant 7 bar
RequirementHole diameter H7 consistency ≤ 0.02 mm; exit edge breakout ≤ 0.03 mm.

Tool configuration

  • Solid carbide twist drill
  • HKD8080
  • 140° point, 30° helix
  • TiAlN coating
  • BT40, 80 mm overhang
  • Feed reduced 30 % at breakthrough

Cutting parameters

Spindle speed n3000 r/min
Feed rate vf240 mm/min
Feed per rev f0.080 mm/r
Hole depth60 mm
Depth ratio7.5 ×D
Cutting speed vc75 m/min
CoolantInternal, 7 bar

Challenges and approaches

Challenge: Breakout at through-hole exits affects mold closing

Approach: Feed drops 30 % through the exit zone so cutting force transitions smoothly without tearing.

Challenge: Heat accumulates in continuous drilling

Approach: Internal coolant reaches the cutting edges; diameter stays within the H7 band along the full depth.

Results

H7
Diameter consistency
≤ 0.03 mm
Exit breakout
60 holes
Tool life
D-06
Precision Mold · Graphite electrode drilling

Graphite electrode thread pilot holes — φ3 drilling

3 mm CVD diamond coated drill

Tool model / size as recorded in the case deck: φ3 × 6D

Workpiece and conditions

WorkpieceElectrode clamping thread pilot holes
MaterialIsostatic graphite
HardnessHS 60
MachineHigh-speed engraving and milling machine
CoolantDry + dust extraction
RequirementNo edge chipping at hole mouths; stable diameter; 70 % fewer tool changes.

Tool configuration

  • Solid carbide twist drill
  • φ3 × 6D
  • 130° point, 30° helix
  • CVD diamond coating
  • BT30, 30 mm overhang
  • Dry one-shot drilling

Cutting parameters

Spindle speed n12000 r/min
Feed rate vf600 mm/min
Feed per rev f0.050 mm/r
Hole depth9 mm
Depth ratio3 ×D
Cutting speed vc113 m/min
CoolantDry, negative-pressure extraction

Challenges and approaches

Challenge: Graphite abrasion dulls the drill point quickly

Approach: CVD diamond coating resists abrasive wear and extends edge life by an order of magnitude.

Challenge: Dust contamination causes secondary wear

Approach: Dry cutting with negative-pressure extraction keeps graphite powder from re-grinding the margins.

Results

4×
Tool life vs conventional coating
0 chipping
Hole-mouth edges
-70 %
Tool-change frequency
D-07
Automotive Parts · Block hole-line drilling

HT250 engine block crankshaft bore — φ12 drilling

12 mm TiAlN carbide drill

Tool model / size as recorded in the case deck: HKD5120

Workpiece and conditions

WorkpieceBlock crankshaft bore pre-drilling
MaterialHT250 gray cast iron
HardnessHB 200
MachineDedicated multi-spindle drilling machine
CoolantInternal coolant 10 bar
RequirementPosition ±0.05 mm; fits automatic-line multi-shift running; predictable tool life.

Tool configuration

  • Carbide twist drill
  • HKD5120
  • 140° point, 30° helix
  • TiAlN coating
  • Multi-spindle dedicated machine, oriented clamping
  • One-shot drilling

Cutting parameters

Spindle speed n2200 r/min
Feed rate vf330 mm/min
Feed per rev f0.150 mm/r
Hole depth48 mm
Depth ratio4 ×D
Cutting speed vc83 m/min
CoolantInternal, 10 bar

Challenges and approaches

Challenge: Cast skin and sand inclusions chip the drill point

Approach: Thick-film TiAlN plus an 8 µm edge hone make penetration impact-safe.

Challenge: Long cast-iron chips tangle and block evacuation

Approach: Multi-facet web thinning splits the chips; fragments flush out with the internal coolant.

Results

320 holes
Tool life
±0.05 mm
Position tolerance
-15 %
Station cycle time
D-08
Automotive Parts · Step drilling

Aluminum cylinder-head spark-plug hole — φ14 step drilling

14 mm 3-flute internal-coolant step drill

Tool model / size as recorded in the case deck: φ12 → φ14

Workpiece and conditions

WorkpieceCylinder head spark-plug holes
MaterialAlSi10Mg aluminum alloy
HardnessHB 90
MachineFlexible machining cell
CoolantHigh-pressure internal coolant 15 bar
Requirementφ12/φ14 step formed in one pass; coaxiality between steps ≤ 0.03 mm.

Tool configuration

  • 3-flute step drill
  • φ12 → φ14
  • 140° point, 35° helix
  • Uncoated, polished
  • BT40, 70 mm overhang
  • Step formed in one pass

Cutting parameters

Spindle speed n8000 r/min
Feed rate vf1600 mm/min
Feed per rev f0.200 mm/r
Hole depth30 mm
Depth ratio2.1 ×D
Cutting speed vc352 m/min
CoolantInternal, 15 bar

Challenges and approaches

Challenge: Silicon-aluminum phase sticks to the tool and packs the flutes

Approach: Mirror-polished flutes plus 15 bar internal coolant evacuate chips as they form without sticking.

Challenge: Two-tool processes lose coaxiality

Approach: The step edges form both diameters in one pass; coaxiality is guaranteed by the tool body itself.

Results

≤ 0.03 mm
Coaxiality between steps
8000 holes
Tool life
-20 %
Station cycle time
D-09
Automotive Parts · Transmission shaft deep hole

40Cr tempered transmission shaft — φ10 deep-hole drilling

10 mm internal-coolant TiAlN carbide drill

Tool model / size as recorded in the case deck: HKD5100

Workpiece and conditions

WorkpieceTransmission shaft center hole
Material40Cr, quenched and tempered
HardnessHB 280
MachineTurn-mill center
CoolantInternal coolant 12 bar
Requirement40 mm deep, straightness 0.05 / 40 mm, hole wall Ra ≤ 3.2 µm.

Tool configuration

  • Internal-coolant deep-hole drill
  • HKD5100
  • 140° point, 30° helix
  • TiAlN coating
  • Turn-mill driven tool
  • Peck cycles for chip evacuation

Cutting parameters

Spindle speed n1800 r/min
Feed rate vf180 mm/min
Feed per rev f0.100 mm/r
Hole depth40 mm
Depth ratio4 ×D
Cutting speed vc57 m/min
CoolantInternal, 12 bar

Challenges and approaches

Challenge: Hard spots in tempered steel make the point skid and wear

Approach: Constant-power, constant-feed strategy — no slowdown or idling at hard spots.

Challenge: Long helical chips pack the hole

Approach: Chip-breaker flute form plus staged internal-coolant evacuation keep chips under 15 mm.

Results

150 holes
Tool life
0.05 mm
Straightness / 40 mm
+25 %
Machining efficiency
D-10
General Machinery · Titanium deep hole

TC4 titanium structural part — φ6 deep-hole drilling, 6×D

6 mm internal-coolant deep-hole drill, 6×D

Tool model / size as recorded in the case deck: HKD8060

Workpiece and conditions

WorkpieceTitanium structural deep holes
MaterialTC4 titanium alloy
HardnessHRC 32
Machine5-axis machining center
CoolantHigh-pressure internal coolant 70 bar
RequirementDrill 48 mm through in one pass; straightness 0.03 / 48 mm; zero tool burn-out.

Tool configuration

  • Internal-coolant deep-hole drill
  • HKD8060
  • 140° point, 30° helix
  • AlTiN coating
  • BT40, 85 mm overhang
  • One-shot 8×D strategy

Cutting parameters

Spindle speed n850 r/min
Feed rate vf51 mm/min
Feed per rev f0.060 mm/r
Hole depth48 mm
Depth ratio8 ×D
Cutting speed vc16 m/min
CoolantInternal, 70 bar

Challenges and approaches

Challenge: Titanium spring-back grips the drill and torque spikes

Approach: 70 bar high-pressure coolant flushes the flank faces, cutting friction and grip torque.

Challenge: Repeated retractions score the hole wall

Approach: A 6×D one-shot pass minimizes retractions — the wall is cut, not rubbed.

Results

45 holes
Tool life
0.03 mm
Straightness / 48 mm
0 burn-outs
Process incidents
D-11
Aerospace · Nickel-alloy deep hole

Inconel 718 turbine disk — φ5 deep-hole drilling, 10×D

5 mm internal-coolant deep-hole drill, 10×D

Tool model / size as recorded in the case deck: φ5 × 10D

Workpiece and conditions

WorkpieceTurbine disk mounting holes
MaterialInconel 718, aged
HardnessHRC 48
Machine5-axis machining center
CoolantUltra-high-pressure internal coolant 100 bar
Requirement50 mm deep, first-pass yield ≥ 99 %, no white-layer damage on hole walls.

Tool configuration

  • Internal-coolant deep-hole drill
  • φ5 × 10D
  • 140° point, 30° helix
  • TiAlN + TiSiN coating
  • BT40, 95 mm overhang
  • Constant feed + torque monitoring

Cutting parameters

Spindle speed n600 r/min
Feed rate vf24 mm/min
Feed per rev f0.040 mm/r
Hole depth50 mm
Depth ratio10 ×D
Cutting speed vc9.4 m/min
CoolantInternal, 100 bar

Challenges and approaches

Challenge: The nickel-alloy hardened layer accelerates edge passivation

Approach: Constant feed without air cutting keeps cutting inside the un-hardened metal.

Challenge: Chip evacuation in a 10×D hole is extreme

Approach: 100 bar ultra-high-pressure coolant pushes chips straight out, with staged torque monitoring.

Results

12 holes (peer tools 5)
Tool life
99 %
First-pass yield
No white layer
Hole-wall integrity
D-12
General Machinery · Stainless plate multi-hole drilling

304 stainless plate — φ3 multi-hole drilling

3 mm internal-coolant 140° carbide drill

Tool model / size as recorded in the case deck: HKD5030

Workpiece and conditions

WorkpieceFilter plate hole arrays
Material304 stainless steel
HardnessHB 170
MachineGantry multi-hole drilling machine
CoolantInternal coolant 8 bar
Requirement600 holes per plate; burr ≤ 0.03 mm; cycle time cut by 30 %.

Tool configuration

  • Solid carbide twist drill
  • HKD5030
  • 140° point, 30° helix
  • AlCrN coating
  • Gantry multi-spindle with drilling jig
  • Peck cycles for chip evacuation

Cutting parameters

Spindle speed n4500 r/min
Feed rate vf225 mm/min
Feed per rev f0.050 mm/r
Hole depth8 mm
Depth ratio2.7 ×D
Cutting speed vc42 m/min
CoolantInternal, 8 bar

Challenges and approaches

Challenge: Tough stainless produces long chips that wrap the drill

Approach: 140° point with thinned web breaks chips; peck rhythm set by hole depth.

Challenge: Work hardening accumulates across hole arrays

Approach: Low-speed cutting at vc 42 m/min stays clear of the hardening-sensitive range.

Results

500 holes
Tool life
≤ 0.03 mm
Hole-mouth burr
-30 %
Cycle time per plate

What 24 cases show together

Speed limit follows diameter, not material

Micro drills below φ4 commonly run 8000–45000 r/min; tools above φ12 rely on rigidity and sit in the 1200–16000 r/min band — the system stiffness sets the ceiling.

Difficult materials are won with coolant and coating

The titanium and nickel-alloy cases share the same pattern: vc ≤ 60 m/min, internal coolant ≥ 70 bar, and AlTiN/TiSiN composite coatings. Speed gives way to stability.

Hard milling is replacing EDM

In the HRC50+ hardened-steel cases, ball nose hard milling reaches service accuracy directly, cutting EDM hours by 70 % and shortening delivery by days.

Beyond 8×D, internal coolant is the baseline

All 8×D / 10×D / 12×D deep-hole cases drill through in one pass with high-pressure internal coolant, reaching a 100 % first-pass breakthrough rate; retraction count maps directly to hole-wall quality.

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